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However, in a small town it is not so simple to gusto being single. Retrieved 26 June 2015. A few lines are enough to make an impression. The true honey bees genusof single bees dating website there are seven currently-recognized species are highly eusocial, and are among the best known of all insects. In haplodiploid species, females develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Some information, comments or content e. Non-free Members are matched up with other married adult members based on profiles. Bees are a lineage within the superfamily and are presently considered acalled Anthophila. Besides, not everyone can afford to print a lot of time in bars or wander the clubs hoping to spot someone gorgeous and start flirting. Journal of Insect Behavior. The first appear in the Early Eocene with species found in amber.

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Bees are a lineage within the superfamily and are presently considered a , called Anthophila. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bees in seven recognized. They are found on every continent except , in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated. Some species including , , and live in colonies. Bees are adapted for feeding on and , the former primarily as an energy source and the latter primarily for and other nutrients. Most pollen is used as food for. Bee pollination is important both ecologically and ; the decline in wild bees has increased the value of pollination by commercially managed hives of honey bees. Bees range in size from tiny species whose workers are less than 2 millimetres 0. The most common bees in the Northern Hemisphere are the , or sweat bees, but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies. Vertebrate predators of bees include birds such as ; insect predators include and. Human or apiculture has been practised for millennia, since at least the times of and. Apart from honey and pollination, honey bees produce beeswax, and. Bees have appeared in mythology and folklore, through all phases of art and literature, from ancient times to the present day, though primarily focused in the , where beekeeping is far more common. The switch from insect prey to pollen may have resulted from the consumption of prey insects which were flower visitors and were partially covered with pollen when they were fed to the wasp larvae. This same scenario may have occurred within the wasps, where the evolved from predatory ancestors. Until recently, the oldest non-compression bee fossil had been found in New Jersey , Cretotrigona prisca of , a. Derived features of its morphology place it clearly within the bees, but it retains two unmodified ancestral traits of the legs two mid-tibial spurs, and a slender hind basitarsus , showing its transitional status. By the \~45 mya there was already considerable diversity among eusocial bee lineages. The highly appeared roughly 87 Mya, and the within the Apidae around 53 Mya. The appear as fossils only from the late \~25 Mya to early. The are known from in the. The are known from trace fossils characteristic leaf cuttings from the. The are known from the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, around 34 Mya, of the Florissant shale. The first appear in the Early Eocene with species found in amber. The are known from fossil brood cells of age. Coevolution Further information: The earliest animal-pollinated flowers were shallow, cup-shaped blooms by insects such as , so the syndrome of insect pollination was well established before the first appearance of bees. The novelty is that bees are as pollination agents, with behavioral and physical modifications that specifically enhance pollination, and are the most efficient pollinating insects. In a process of , flowers developed floral rewards such as and longer tubes, and bees developed longer tongues to extract the nectar. Bees also developed structures known as and to collect and carry pollen. The location and type differ among and between groups of bees. Most bees have located on their hind legs or on the underside of their abdomens, some bees in the family Apidae possess on their hind legs while very few species lack these entirely and instead collect pollen in their crops. This drove the of the , and, in turn, the bees themselves. Bees have not only coevolved with flowers but it is believed that some bees have coevolved with mites. Some bees provide tufts of hairs called acarinaria that appear to provide lodgings for mites; in return, it is believed that the mites eat fungi that attack pollen, so the relationship in this case may be. Phylogeny External This is based on Debevic et al, 2012, which used molecular phylogeny to demonstrate that the bees arose from deep within the Crabronidae, which is therefore. The placement of the is uncertain. The small subfamily was not included in their analysis. English names, where available, are given in parentheses. They differ from closely related groups such as wasps by having branched or plume-like hairs , combs on the forelimbs for cleaning their antennae, small anatomical differences in the limb structure and the venation of the hind wings, and in females, by having the seventh dorsal abdominal plate divided into two half-plates. Behaviourally, one of the most obvious characteristics of bees is that they collect pollen to provide provisions for their young, and have the necessary adaptations to do this. However, certain wasp species such as have similar behaviours, and a few species of bee from carcases to feed their offspring. The world's largest species of bee is thought to be the Indonesian resin bee , whose females can attain a length of 39 millimetres 1. The smallest species may be dwarf stingless bees in the tribe whose workers are less than 2 millimetres 0. Head-on view of a , showing antennae, three , , sensory bristles and mouthparts A bee has a pair of large which cover much of the surface of the head. Between and above these are three small simple eyes which provide information for the bee on light intensity. The usually have thirteen segments in males and twelve in females and are , having an elbow joint part way along. The are adapted for both chewing and sucking by having both a pair of and a long for sucking up nectar. The thorax has three segments, each with a pair of robust legs, and a pair of membranous wings on the hind two segments. The front legs of corbiculate bees bear combs for cleaning the antennae, and in many species the hind legs bear pollen baskets, flattened sections with incurving hairs to secure the collected pollen. The wings are synchronised in flight and the somewhat smaller hind wings connect to the forewings by a row of hooks along their margin which connect to a groove in the forewing. The abdomen has nine segments, the hindermost three being modified into the sting. Willing to die for their sisters: worker honey bees killed defending their hive against , along with a dead wasp. Such behaviour may be favoured by the system of bees. According to theory, organisms can gain fitness not just through increasing their own reproductive output, but also that of close relatives. The requirements for eusociality are more easily fulfilled by species such as bees because of their unusual relatedness structure. In haplodiploid species, females develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Because a male is has only one copy of each gene , his daughters which are , with two copies of each gene share 100% of his genes and 50% of their mother's. Therefore, they share 75% of their genes with each other. Workers often do not reproduce, but they can pass on more of their genes by helping to raise their sisters as queens than they would by having their own offspring each of which would only have 50% of their genes , assuming they would produce similar numbers. This unusual situation has been proposed as an explanation of the multiple independent evolutions of eusociality arising at least nine separate times within the Hymenoptera. However, some eusocial species such as are not haplodiploid. Conversely, all bees are haplodiploid but not all are eusocial, and among eusocial species many queens mate with multiple males, creating half-sisters that share only 25% of their genes. Haplodiploidy is thus neither necessary nor sufficient for eusociality. But, monogamy queens mating singly is the ancestral state for all eusocial species so far investigated, so it is likely that haplodiploidy contributed to the evolution of eusociality in bees. Eusociality Further information: Bees may be solitary or may live in various types of communities. The most advanced of these are species with colonies; these are characterised by having cooperative brood care and a division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive adults, plus overlapping generations. This division of labour creates specialized groups within eusocial societies which are called. In some species, groups of cohabiting females may be sisters, and if there is a within the group, they are considered. The group is called eusocial if, in addition, the group consists of a mother the and her daughters. When the castes are purely behavioural alternatives, with no morphological differentiation other than size, the system is considered primitively eusocial, as in many ; when the castes are morphologically discrete, the system is considered highly eusocial. The true honey bees genus , of which there are seven currently-recognized species are highly eusocial, and are among the best known of all insects. Their colonies are established by , consisting of a queen and several hundred workers. There are 29 subspecies of one of these species, , native to Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. They practise , with complex nest architecture and perennial colonies also established via swarming. A carrying pollen in its corbiculae Many bumblebees are eusocial, similar to the eusocial such as in that the queen initiates a nest on her own rather than by swarming. Bumblebee colonies typically have from 50 to 200 bees at peak population, which occurs in mid to late summer. Nest architecture is simple, limited by the size of the pre-existing nest cavity, and colonies rarely last more than a year. In 2011, the set up the Bumblebee Specialist Group to review the threat status of all bumblebee species worldwide using the criteria. There are many more species of primitively eusocial than highly eusocial bees, but they have been studied less often. Colonies are typically small, with a dozen or fewer workers, on average. Queens and workers differ only in size, if at all. Most species have a single season colony cycle, even in the tropics, and only mated females hibernate. A few species have long active seasons and attain colony sizes in the hundreds, such as. Some species are eusocial in parts of their range and solitary in others, or have a mix of eusocial and solitary nests in the same population. The Apidae include some primitively eusocial species with similar biology. Some bees Apidae form primitively eusocial colonies, with : a larva's food is supplied gradually as it develops, as is the case in honey bees and some bumblebees. Solitary and communal bees A leafcutting bee, cutting circles from acacia leaves Most other bees, including familiar insects such as , and are solitary in the sense that every female is fertile, and typically inhabits a nest she constructs herself. There is no division of labor so these nests lack queens and worker bees for these species. Solitary bees typically produce neither honey nor. Solitary bees are important pollinators; they gather pollen to provision their nests with food for their brood. Often it is mixed with nectar to form a paste-like consistency. Some solitary bees have advanced types of pollen-carrying structures on their bodies. A very few species of solitary bees are being cultured for commercial pollination. Most of these species belong to a distinct set of which are commonly known by their nesting behavior or preferences, namely: carpenter bees, , mason bees, , , , leafcutter bees, and. The nests in a hole in dead wood. Most solitary bees nest in the ground in a variety of soil textures and conditions while others create nests in hollow or twigs, holes in. A nest may consist of numerous cells. When the nest is in wood, usually the last those closer to the entrance contain eggs that will become males. The adult does not provide care for the brood once the egg is laid, and usually dies after making one or more nests. The males typically emerge first and are ready for mating when the females emerge. Solitary bees are either stingless or very unlikely to sting only in self-defense, if ever. While solitary, females each make individual nests. Some species, such as the European mason bee , and the , Amegilla dawsoni, are gregarious, preferring to make nests near others of the same species, and giving the appearance of being social. Large groups of solitary bee nests are called aggregations, to distinguish them from. In some species, multiple females share a common nest, but each makes and provisions her own cells independently. The primary advantage appears to be that a nest entrance is easier to defend from predators and parasites when there are multiple females using that same entrance on a regular basis. Most solitary bees and bumble bees in temperate climates overwinter as adults or pupae and emerge in spring when increasing numbers of flowering plants come into bloom. The males usually emerge first and search for females with which to mate. The sex of a bee is determined by whether or not the egg is fertilised; after mating, a female stores the sperm, and determines which sex is required at the time each individual egg is laid, fertilised eggs producing female offspring and unfertilised eggs, males. Tropical bees may have several generations in a year and no stage. Honeybees on with eggs and in cells The egg is generally oblong, slightly curved and tapering at one end. In the case of solitary bees, each one is laid in a cell with a supply of mixed pollen and nectar next to it. This may be rolled into a pellet or placed in a pile and is known as mass provisioning. In social species of bee there is progressive provisioning with the larva being fed regularly while it grows. The nest varies from a hole in the ground or in wood, in solitary bees, to a substantial structure with wax combs in bumblebees and honey bees. The larvae are generally whitish grubs, roughly oval and bluntly-pointed at both ends. They have fifteen segments and in each segment for breathing. They have no legs but are able to move within the confines of the cell, helped by tubercles on their sides. They have short horns on the head, jaws for chewing their food and an appendage on either side of the mouth tipped with a bristle. There is a gland under the mouth that secretes a viscous liquid which solidifies into the silk they use to produce their cocoons. The pupa can be seen through the semi-transparent cocoon and over the course of a few days, the insect undergoes metamorphosis into the form of the adult bee. When ready to emerge, it splits its skin dorsally and climbs out of the as a winged adult and breaks out of the cell. In 1996 it was shown that vortices created by many insects' wings helped to provide lift. Wing-beat frequency normally increases as size decreases, but as the bee's wing beat covers such a small , it flaps approximately 230 times per second, faster than a 200 times per second which is 80 times smaller. Navigation, communication, and finding food Further information: and The ethologist studied in the honey bee. He showed that honey bees communicate by the , in which a worker indicates the location of a food source to other workers in the hive. He showed that the sun is the preferred or main compass; the other mechanisms are used under cloudy skies or inside a dark. Floral relationships Most bees are polylectic generalist meaning they collect pollen from a range of flowering plants, however, some are specialists , in that they only gather pollen from one or a few species or genera of closely related plants. Specialist pollinators also include bee species which gather floral oils instead of pollen, and male orchid bees, which gather aromatic compounds from one of the few cases where male bees are effective pollinators. Bees are able to sense the presence of desirable flowers through ultraviolet patterning on flowers, floral odors, and even electromagnetic fields. Once landed, a bee then uses nectar quality and pollen taste to determine whether to continue visiting similar flowers. In rare cases, a species may only be effectively pollinated by a single bee species, and some plants are at least in part because their pollinator is also threatened. There is, however, a pronounced tendency for oligolectic bees to be associated with common, widespread plants which are visited by multiple pollinators. There are some forty oligoleges associated with the in the arid parts of the United States southwest, for example. As mimics and models lures male bees to attempt to mate with the flower's lip, which resembles a bee perched on a pink flower. Many bees are coloured, typically orange and black, warning of their ability to defend themselves with a powerful sting. As such they are models for by non-stinging insects such as , and , all of which gain a measure of protection by superficially looking and behaving like bees. Bees are themselves of other aposematic insects with the same colour scheme, including , and other beetles, and many butterflies and moths which are themselves distasteful, often through acquiring bitter and poisonous chemicals from their plant food. All the Müllerian mimics, including bees, benefit from the reduced risk of predation that results from their easily recognised warning coloration. Bees are also mimicked by plants such as the which imitates both the appearance and the scent of a female bee; male bees attempt to mate with the furry lip of the flower, thus pollinating it. As brood parasites Main articles: and occur in several bee families including the subfamily. Females of these bees lack pollen collecting structures the and do not construct their own nests. They typically enter the nests of pollen collecting species, and lay their eggs in cells provisioned by the host bee. When the cuckoo bee larva hatches it consumes the host larva's pollen ball, and often the host egg also. The Arctic bee species, , in particular are an aggressive species that attack and enslave other bees of the same subgenus. However, unlike many other bee brood parasites, they have pollen baskets and often collect pollen. In the south of Africa, hives of African honeybees A. The in the subgenus Psithyrus are closely related to, and resemble, their hosts in looks and size. Others parasitize bees in different families, like , a , two species of which are cleptoparasites of the genus , while the other species in the same genus attacks bees. Nocturnal bees Four bee families , , , and contain some species that are. Most are tropical or subtropical, but there are some which live in arid regions at higher latitudes. These bees have greatly enlarged , which are extremely sensitive to light and dark, though incapable of forming images. Some have refracting superposition compound eyes: these combine the output of many elements of their compound eyes to provide enough light for each retinal photoreceptor. Their ability to fly by night enables them to avoid many predators, and to exploit flowers that produce nectar only or also at night. Predators, parasites and pathogens Further information: Vertebrate predators of bees include , and , which make short sallies to catch insects in flight. Swifts and swallows fly almost continually, catching insects as they go. The attacks bees' nests and eats the larvae. The interacts with humans by guiding them to the nests of wild bees. The humans break open the nests and take the honey and the bird feeds on the larvae and the wax. Among mammals, predators such as the dig up bumblebee nests and eat both the larvae and any stored food. The beewolf paralysing a bee with its sting Specialist ambush predators of visitors to flowers include , which wait on flowering plants for pollinating insects; , and , some of which the of the tropics wait motionless, camouflaged as flowers. Other predatory insects that sometimes catch bees include and. Honey bees are affected by parasites including and. However, some bees are believed to have a mutualistic relationship with mites. Gold plaques embossed with winged bee goddesses. Bees were associated, too, with the and the prophetess was sometimes called a bee. The image of a community of honey bees has been used from ancient to modern times, in and ; in and ; in and ; , and by political and social theorists such as and as a model for human. In art and literature 's illustration of Babbity Bumble in , 1910 Some of the oldest examples of bees in art are in which have been dated to 15,000 BC. The humorous 2007 animated film used 's first script and was his first work for children; he starred as a bee named Barry B. Critics found its premise awkward and its delivery tame. The playwright Laline Paull's The Bees 2015 tells the tale of a hive bee named Flora 717 from hatching onwards. Beekeeping A commercial beekeeper at work Humans have kept honey bee colonies, commonly in , for millennia. Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago; efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used; jars of honey were found in the tombs of such as. From the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be harvested without destroying the colony. Among Classical Era authors, beekeeping with the use of smoke is described in the Book 9. Beekeeping is described in detail by in his ; it is also mentioned in his , and in Pliny's. As commercial pollinators Apidae are important pollinators of and. Bees play an important role in , and are the major type of in many that contain flowering plants. It is estimated that one third of the human food supply depends on by insects, birds and bats, most of which is accomplished by bees, whether wild or domesticated. From 1972 to 2006, honey bees declined dramatically in the US, and they are now almost absent. The number of colonies kept by beekeepers declined slightly, through , systematic pesticide use, and mites, and the closure of beekeeping businesses. In 2006 and 2007 the rate of attrition increased, and was described as. In 2010 invertebrate iridescent virus and the fungus were shown to be in every killed colony, and deadly in combination. Varroa mites were thought to be responsible for about half the losses. Apart from colony collapse disorder, losses outside the US have been attributed to causes including pesticide seed dressings, using such as , and. From 2013 the restricted some pesticides to stop bee populations from declining further. In 2014 the report warned that bees faced increased risk of extinction because of. In 2018 the European Union decided to ban field use of all three major neonicotinoids; they remain permitted in veterinary, greenhouse, and vehicle transport usage. Farmers have focused on alternative solutions to mitigate these problems. By raising native plants, they provide food for native bee pollinators like and , leading to less reliance on honey bee populations. See also: Honey is a natural product produced by bees and stored for their own use, but its sweetness has always appealed to humans. Before domestication of bees was even attempted, humans were raiding their nests for their honey. Smoke was often used to subdue the bees and such activities are depicted in in Spain dated to 15,000 BC. Indigenous people in many countries eat insects, including the larvae and pupae of bees, mostly stingless species. They also gather larvae, pupae and surrounding cells, known as , for consumption. In the dish from Central and East , bee larvae are eaten as a companion to , after being mixed with shredded , wrapped in leaves, and steamed. Honey bees are used commercially to produce. They also produce some substances used as dietary supplements with possible health benefits, pollen, , and , though all of these can also cause. As alternative medicine is a branch of that uses honey bee products, including , , pollen, , and Bee. The claim that apitherapy treats cancer, which some proponents of apitherapy make, remains unsupported by. Stings The painful are mostly associated with the poison gland and the which are abdominal exocrine glands containing various chemicals. In , the Dufour's Gland mostly contains octadecanolide as well as some eicosanolide. There is also evidence of n-triscosane, n-, and 22-docosanolide. However, the secretions of these glands could also be used for nest construction. By and by they return and at first are noisy;... The Bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from PDF on 4 December 2012. National Academy of Sciences. Annual Review of Entomology. PDF from the original on 21 September 2013. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. PDF from the original on 23 September 2015. PDF from the original on 24 September 2015. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. PDF from the original on 10 January 2011. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. PDF from the original on 23 September 2015. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 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Retrieved 29 June 2015. Wild bees have become as important as domesticated honeybees in pollinating food crops around the world due to the dramatic decline in number of healthy honeybee colonies over the past half century, a study has found. Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 20 August 2012. Welch; Trevor Williams; David R. Firth; Evan Skowronski; Margaret M. Bilimoria; Joanna Gress; Kevin W. Cramer Jr 6 October 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016. The Daily Telegraph London. Farming for native bees. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved 4 November 2015. Accessed: September 22, 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. Retrieved 14 July 2015. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Archived from on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2015. National Library of Medicine. 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